German Grammar

Structure

Default: stem + -en

Exceptions:

  • -eln, -ern (e.g. handeln, ändern)
  • tun

Three principal parts

From these you derive tense, voice, and mood:

  1. Present stem
  2. Präteritum stem
  3. Partizip II (+ perfect auxiliary)

Tense

Past meaning

  • Präteritum — written / narrative
  • Perfekt — spoken past

Perfect auxiliary

  • sein — change of state, change of location
  • haben — everything else

Enumerate sein-perfect verbs as you meet them.

Also: Futur, Plusquamperfekt.


Mood

Imperative

  • Drop du / ihr; keep Sie
  • du-form: drop ending; drop umlaut if present

Konjunktiv II

  • Weak: same as Präteritum
  • Strong: umlaut the Präteritum stem
  • Everyday: würden + infinitive

Konjunktiv I

  • Weak: like present, but insert e; 3sg = 1sg
  • Often ambiguous → replace with Konjunktiv II

Pres.Prät.Konj. IIKonj. I
habenhathattehättehabe
seinistwarwäresei
werdenwirdwurdewürdewerde
könnenkannkonntekönntekönne
dürfendarfdurftedürftedürfe
müssenmussmusstemüsstemüsse
sollensollsolltesollte*solle
wollenwillwolltewollte*wolle
mögenmagmochtemöchtemöge
möchtenmöchte

* sollte / wollte look identical in Prät. and Konj. II.


Voice (passive)

Structure: subject + auxiliary + (adverbials) + participle

  • Process passive: werden + Partizip II
  • State passive: sein + Partizip II

Conjugation classes

Weak

  • Präteritum: {stem}-te-
  • Partizip II: ge-{stem}-t
PresentPräteritum
ich-e-te
du-st-test
er/es/sie-t-te
ihr-t-tet
wir/sie/Sie-en-ten

Stem-ending quirks

EndingRule
-d, -tinsert e before ending
consonant + m/n (not after r): -dm, -tm, -gn, -ffn, -chn, -ckninsert e
sibilant (-s, -ss, -ß, -x, -z, -tz)du takes -t, not -st
-eln, -ernich present drops the first e (ich handle)

Strong

  • Stem vowel changes (Ablaut)
  • Präteritum 1sg / 3sg: no personal ending
  • Partizip II: ge-{stem}-en

Mixed

  • Stem change and weak endings
  • Small closed list — enumerate by Ablaut class

Oddballs (e.g. wissen) need separate listing.


Separable verbs

Stress

TypeStress
separableon the prefix
inseparableon the stem

Sentence bracket

  • No modal/auxiliary → prefix closes the Satzrahmen
  • With modal/auxiliary → the finite modal/aux closes it

Insertion

Typezu-infinitivePartizip II
separableprefix + zu + stemge between prefix and stem
inseparableno insertionno ge-

Prefix classes

ClassNotes
always separablemostly prepositional prefixes (hinter- is special: inseparable); meaning often compositional
always inseparableopaque prefixes; meaning hard to guess
eitherdurch-, über-, um-, unter-, wider-, wieder- — enumerate pairs

Reflexive

  • Only accusative / dative forms
  • 3rd person + polite Sie: sich; otherwise = personal pronoun
  • Mostly lexical — enumerate reflexive verbs

Usage (lexicon side)

  • Transitive / intransitive
  • Object case government
  • Verb + preposition collocations
  • Verb + dass-clause / infinitive complement