German Grammar

Adjective endings follow the determiner in front of them. Three classes cover almost everything.

Ending classes

Strong (zero article)

When there is no article, the adjective itself carries the case markers (≈ definite-article endings).

Weak (after definite article)

MNFPl
N-e-e-e-en
A-en-e-e-en
D-en-en-en-en
G-en-en-en-en

Mixed (after indefinite / ein-group)

MNFPl
N-er-es-e-en
A-en-es-e-en
D-en-en-en-en
G-en-en-en-en

After ein / kein / mein / …, nominative masculine and nominative/accusative neuter still need a clear ending on the adjective — hence mixed.


Comparison

Formulas

DegreePattern
PositiveA so [adj.] wie B
ComparativeA [adj.-er] als B
Superlative (attributive)definite article + [adj.-(e)st]
Superlative (predicative)am [adj.-(e)st]-en

Predicative am …-en is historically an omitted neuter measure noun.

Stem quirks

EndingRule
-el; most -en, -ercomparative drops the first e (cf. verb -eln / -ern)
sibilant, -t, -d, -schsuperlative uses -est
monosyllabic with a / o / uoften umlaut in comparative / superlative

Umlaut exceptions to watch: gesund, voll, schlank (and similar).

Irregular (closed list)

PositiveComparativeSuperlative
hochhöherhöchst
nahnähernächst
großgrößergrößt
oft / häufigöfter / häufigerhäufigst
vielmehrmeist
gutbesserbest
gernlieberam liebsten
  • Articles — which ending class applies
  • Pronounsein-group and definite-class determiners
  • Nouns — agreement targets